Classism Racism And Racism - 1140 Words

Classism is a term that has been present for many years in American history. Some like to believe that classism does not exist anymore because times have changed. Unfortunately, classism does still exist, and it will likely always be an issue in America. Classism is a used to describe when a person is treated differently based on their perceived social class. Classism has manifested as a valid theory in American history for many years, and it has separated Americans in many ways, because classism has been racialized throughout the years, classism separates the rich from the poor, and classism inhibits cultural awareness. Classism will always exist in America because it has been a way of since the beginning of time. Even though people are†¦show more content†¦They also have taught their children and grandchildren the same values. One cannot talk about classism without discussing racism (Domhoff, â€Å"The Class Domination Theory of Power). Classism and racism have separated people for many years, and that has not changed just because Blacks can vote and are not slaves anymore. Outright oppression is not widely acceptable anymore, but it is still hidden in Fortune 500 companies, police departments, and schools. Erudite Blacks still cannot rise to the top without working a little harder or enduring forbearance of their dreams, even though they are perfectly capable. Classism exists because racism exists, and neither one of them will ever be erased from American history. Classism separates the rich from the poor. There are many things that some folks simply cannot afford to do. The rich will never understand the poor because they have never lived that life. The rich and poor do different things, and they live in different places. They just do not have any interaction with one another. When it comes to pecuniary issues, the separation causes the word classism to pop back up (Domhoff, â€Å"The Class Domination Theory of Power). The mall is a fun place for many people to hang out in. It should be a place where the rich, working class, and poor meet up. All economic social classes do gather here, but certain stores can separate them. There is not need for a poor person to shop in Saks Fifth Avenue because they do not make enoughShow MoreRelatedRacism, Sexism, And Classism1188 Words   |  5 PagesMerlyn Manoj April 13, 2016 Period 2 Kale Then and Now: Changes of Racism, Sexism, and Classism In To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, Jem and Scout, the protagonists in the book, experience and learn about the problems of racism, sexism, and classism when their father, Atticus, agrees to defend Tom Robinson, an African American, in a trial. Set in the 1930s, most people were treated unfairly because of their race, gender, or social class. Even though problems about race, gender, and classRead MoreMovies Control: Sex and Violence1436 Words   |  6 Pagespublic believes and accepts. Research shows that the amount and realism of violence and sex in movies has skyrocketed, influencing the views of our generation. However, little to no attention is placed on the effects of movies on our views of racism, sexism, classism, and heteronormativity. Before watching a movie, you can get a general idea of how much sex and violence it will contain, in order to decide if it is appropriate for you. However, how can one tell if a movie is too racist, sexist, classistRead MoreShift Of E mphasis From Racism1180 Words   |  5 PagesShift of Emphasis From Classism to Racism Disasters often present to a society the opportunity for self-examination by stripping away the facade and revealing the underlying problems and inequities that were overlooked and oppressed by the established social order. When Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans, not only did it bring about complete destruction to the physical landscape, but it also brought to light the social inequalities and vulnerabilities that were present and deeply rooted in theRead MoreValid Theory In American History For Many Years, And It1122 Words   |  5 PagesAmericans in many ways, because classism has been racialized throughout the years, classism separates the rich from the poor, and classism inhibits cultural awareness. Classism will always exist in America because it has been a way of since the beginning of time. Even though people are not born with an actual label in a particular class, such as upper class, middle class, or lower class, it is an invisible line that exists for many reasons. One reason being that classism has been racialized over theRead MoreEssay about Book Review on â€Å"Where We Stand: Class Matters†1490 Words   |  6 PagesBell Hooks address the issues of classism interlocking with racism, white supremacist ideology and sexism in contemporary American culture. Her arguments in this book are greatly tied to her personal experience that she moved up from working class to the upper class as she succeeds in academic life and writing many books. Through this book, the most important point she puts emphasis on is the acknowledgment of the complex interlocking of classism, racism and sexism. Bell Hooks is not aRead MoreAnalyzing Past And Present Hip Hop1590 Words   |  7 Pagesup in a society that seeks to dehumanize African Americans and that screams superiority. The purpose of this essay is to examine the theme of Superiority by exploring racism, classism and sexism through the eyes of contemporary artist J.Cole and lyrical legend Nas. The aggressive and emotional expression of superiority through racism in J.Cole s It Won t Be Long is demonstrated takes the time talk about his life growing up, and he burns with pain and fury to see his mother work tirelessly. WithinRead MoreSocial Discrimination In A Worn Path By Eudora Welty897 Words   |  4 Pagescomes in contact with a hunter, and many other complications. In the short story, an overall theme of social discrimination is shown through the use of Racism, Ageism and Classism. During the 1930’s, Racism was at a major play; mostly in Southern states. In the short story, Welty gives many examples of metaphors and symbols showing that racism was a major impact during this time. For example, â€Å"Big dead trees, like black men with one arm, were standing in the purple stalks of the withered cottonRead MoreIn Class, We Defined Class Identity As The Socio-Economic,1739 Words   |  7 Pageseducation, skills, and values. We also defined classism as the systemic oppression that categorizes and ranks people into dominant or subordinate groups based on economic status, family lineage, type of job and level of education. Classism tends to provide advantages for the dominant group which is based on the exploitation of subordinate group labor/wages. In learning about the true definition of class and classism, I realized that class and classism categorizes people and puts those of those ofRead MoreThe Subjugation Of The African American Race879 Words   |   4 Pagesaffecting African-American’s are high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, stroke, kidney failure and cancer. Racism and classism are contributing factors to this environmental crisis’ because of the where toxic waste is disposed, where pollutive industries are located, and the financial challenges African-Americans face. Where toxic waste is disposed of is one of the reasons why racism and classism leads to environmental factors. As referred in an article called †Emelle, Alabama: Home Of The Nation’sRead MoreSocial Theories of Karl Marx and Maw Weber789 Words   |  4 Pagesformed many years ago. Although there are too many for us to go further in depth on, I chose to primarily focus on Racism and Classism. With the perspectives of these theorists in mind I can explain how Racism, Classism, in conjunction with Feminism are among the largest social problems human beings face in the world today. Both theorists have different theories of the social concept Classism, however they are not that much different from one another. Karl Marx utilizes the term â€Å"proletariat† to refer

U.s. Constitution, Discrimination - 865 Words

Faults in the U.S. Constitution, Discrimination in America One very monumental event in the history of the United States is the ratification and signing of the United States Constitution.This took place in the year 1787 .The Bill of Rights is actually the part of the constitution that defines the rights of the citizens of the United States.This significant document helped spell out individual rights and freedoms.Although the signing of the U.S. Constitution solved many problems it failed to solve the problem of discrimination against African Americans,women and gays and along with that the ongoing issue of Slavery. Discrimination was still a problem after the signing of the constitution in 1787. Until then certain minority groups were extremely segregated in places like; restaurants, hotels,and movie theaters.Peaceful sit-ins by students happened in about 100 cities in 1960,In 1963 president John F. Kennedy had a plan, a plan called The Civil Rights Act .The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is what actually ended further discrimination against people of different color ,race, or even religion. Slavery was when a landowner owned a slave as piece of property and made them do manual labor, these slaves had no say in what other people did like politics and elections.The 3/5 compromise was ,well, a compromise to make 5 slave equivalent to 3 people, giving slaves some influence.The constitution didn t do much for slavery,this would be a shortcoming for the U.S constitution.The 13thShow MoreRelatedConsumer Discrimination And Sexual Orientation Based Discrimination1162 Words   |  5 PagesEarlier this year, the concepts of consumer discrimination and sexual orientation based discrimination have come to a forefront in American politics and should be dealt with through federal legislation (Payne, 2015). Two arguments which can be used to argue on the side of discrimination are the First Amendment used in tandem with corporate personhood and the First Amendment used on its own. I argue, however, that corporate personhood is not a legitimate argument nor is the First Amendment groun dsRead MoreThe Cell Phone Education Regulation Act872 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States Constitution charged Congress with the authority to create agencies to determine legislative laws that are enforceable across the country. The Cell Phone Education Regulation Act created by Congress has the authority to develop laws regarding cell phone use in primary schools. As legislative powers cannot be transferred or delegated, was Congress proper in authorizing the Cellular Educational Service the power to enforce certain regulations through criminal penalties to primaryRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights931 Words   |  4 PagesCivil liberties and civil rights are both similar and different in various ways by means of the United States Constitution, court cases, and legislation. Civil liberties are a constitutional guarantee while civil rights are a government guarantee for the people of America. Though they are much alike in providing people with freedom and individual power, it is important to know the differences. Firstly, civil liberties are constitutional guarantees based on freedom and order. Order comes along withRead MoreEssay on Employment Law1310 Words   |  6 PagesEmployment law encompasses remedies that address employee grievances and discrimination that occur in the workplace environment. The foundation of this system is the United States Constitution, which provides two sources of laws and regulations. These two sources are individual state constitutions and the national constitution. Under this system of federalism, there is also the Bill of Rights, which provides the origins of the majority of employment law. The most widely known document is TitleRead MoreThe Current Constitutional Foundation For The United States Of America1350 Words   |  6 Pagesnational government. Prior to the U.S Constitution, the United States government operated under the Articles of Confederation, which outlined the United States previous federal system. The system provided in the Articles failed due to limited central power and unorganized leniency in the states. This pushed Americans to implement a revised version of these articles, which first introduced a stronger federal government to the people in a document we now know as our Constitution. America was among one of theRead MoreEssay on Employment Discrimination933 Words   |  4 PagesEmployment Discrimination laws seek to prevent discrimination based on race, sex, religion, national origin, physical disability, and age by employers. There is also a growing body of law preventing or occasionally justifying employment discrimination based on sexual orientation. Discriminatory practices include bias in hiring, promotion, job assignment, termination, compensation, and various types of harassment. The main body of employment discrimination laws is composed of federal and state statutesRead MoreSupreme Court Sides with Walmart Essay722 Words   |  3 PagesVideo Case Study: Court Systems and Jurisdiction—Supreme Court Sides with Walmart 1. This story is about the Supreme Court’s decision. What process did this case have to go through to get to the Supreme Court? The U.S. Constitution establishes the Supreme Court, which is authorized by it to hear original and appellate cases. Original cases are heard only by and are sent directly to the Supreme Court. Appellate cases are those cases which were heard by a lower court, decided on by the lowerRead MoreAn Informative Comparison Between The Constitution Of The United States And That Of Israel1567 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to provide an informative comparison between the constitution of the United States and that of Israel. Although Israel does not have an official constitution in place, there are sets of basic laws and rules that will be used to draw conclusions about how they address human rights, government power and structure, and how this may affect the allied relationship with the United states. There is a rather controversial debate regarding the importance of such an ally whichRead MoreConstitutional Amendment Essay1170 Words   |  5 PagesTo amend the constit ution, various steps and procedures must be taken. When either Congress (which takes a two-thirds majority vote in both the Senate and the House of Representatives), or a constitutional convention (which takes two-thirds of the State legislatures) want to propose an amendment, they give it to the National Archives and Records Administration. The Congress proposes the amendment as a joint resolution to the National Archives and Records Administrations Office of the Federal RegisterRead MoreA Report On The Culture Of Nepal1328 Words   |  6 Pagesvarious other governmental and civil resources will be used to establish whether Nepal would be an optimal choice for both a humanitarian and profit increasing venture. General Information about Nepal Nepal is an Asian country slightly larger than the U.S. state of Iowa, nestled between China and India (Nepal s Geographic Challenge, 2015). While Nepal is a small country, it boasts a population of 28.17 million people (Nepal, 2015a), larger than the state of Texas with a population of 26.5 million people

Auditing and Ethical Business Practice †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Auditing and Ethical Business Practice. Answer: As per section 100.2 of APES 110, the code of ethics is being specified so far threat and subsequent safeguard is concerned to mitigate such threats or reduce it to certain satisfactory level in order to ensure maximum level of acceptable result. As the auditors are deployed with the mission of serving public interest, especially with the stakeholders, detection of threat and subsequent safeguard measures are necessary for the interest of the stakeholders. Code 100.2 has three parts. While part A is emphasizing on-a) identification of threat to ensure compliance of basic principles; b) evaluation of the threats identified; and c) application of safeguards to mitigate the threats to reasonable level. The role of conceptual framework of accounting practices plays a vital role in this aspect. As per 100.3 Code of Ethics of accounting professionals, it is suggested that the professionals should look for suitable instances of safeguards which may be fit for combating those threats. The safeguard should be considered keeping in mind the stakeholders and their level of affectedness with the threat(Apesb, 2010). Intending Accountant: The threat with this issue is leakage of information of HCGC group which is defined as Self Interest Threat under code 100.12(a). The accountant, because of holding share of HCGC will obviously try to find out the financial condition of the company, as his direct interest is linked with that due to his role of shareholders of HCGC. IF the financial position of the group is found stable and lucrative for investment, the information may be passed on to third parties who may cause abnormal trading of the stock of the group. It is mere personal interest which may be instrumental. The declaration of audited financial and accounting report of the group is expected to be declared in the Annual General meeting of the company for the year ended. Before that the report or its extract should not be leaked out to prevent the interest of the other shareholders. Even the threat is not material to the CEO of TCCL, the audit firm has to give proper importance to this threat to ensure professional an d ethical deliverance to the stakeholders of the group by whom the audit firm is appointed. Safeguard: To safeguard this threat, the management of the audit firm can take decision in two ways- a) not to assign the task to that accountant, or b) to confine that personal within such area from where he cannot access the final stage report which may be instrumental for making investment decision. It is the prime responsibility of the leader of the audit team to ensure integrity of the firm with the professional and ethical behavior for the sake of the stakeholders of the group. To ensure that, Tania, the audit firm partner has to take proper action which is deemed fit to comply with professional ethics as described in APES 110 Code 100.16. This code of conduct ensures ethical behavior of the participating identities with the role of accountant deployed by the audit form. Safeguard should be in the form of well understood and notified system of deliverance with compliance of ethical behavior which is built by the legislation, profession of accounting, or by the employing authorities or reg ulatory authority(Iknow, 2013). Evaluation of intellectual property: The occurrence of evaluation of intellectual property by the audit firm attracts the threat which is falling under Self- Review Threat as per 100.12(b) of APES 110. The evaluation of intellectual property is falling under the evaluation of intangible assets. As these assets cannot be viewed or valued with material substance, the application of professional expertise is needed. Intellectual property can even be valued with the concept of patent valuation or copy right valuation. If the same intellectual property cannot be covered under patent or copy right evaluation, it is the sole discretion of the audit firm to endorse the value of intellectual property as declared by the company. Intangible asset is categorized as long term asset and this evaluation makes material to the financial health of the organization. This evaluation inflates the consolidated financial position of the group and thus projects financial stability of the group(Cpaaustralia, 2014). As this threat is caused with the conflict of evaluating intellectual property, 100.18 and 100.19 of APES 110 provides respective safeguard through depending upon relevant facts, basic principle related to this matter, standard internal system or alternative course of action by inviting the involvement of the Board of Directors or the Audit Committee by seeking their valuable suggestions(Apesb, 2013). References: Apesb. (2013, November). Amendments to APES 110 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants due to revisions to IESBAs Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. Retrieved December 29, 2016, from Apesb: https://www.apesb.org.au/uploads/standards/apesb_standards/amendingt3c1.pdf Apesb. (2010, December). APES 110 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. Retrieved December 29, 2016, from Apesb: https://www.apesb.org.au/uploads/standards/apesb_standards/standard1.pdf Cpaaustralia. (2014, April). An overview of APES 110 code of ethics for professional accountants . Retrieved December 29, 2016, from Cpaaustralia: https://www.cpaaustralia.com.au/~/media/corporate/allfiles/document/professional-resources/ethics/an-overview-of-apes-110-code-of-ethics.pdf Iknow. (2013, November 14). APES 110_Amended 2013_2 Amendments to APES 110 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants due to revisions to IESBAs Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. Retrieved December 29, 2016, from Iknow: https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/#!/document/atagUio2512483sl591724094/apes-110-amended-2013-2-amendments-to-apes-110-code-of-ethics-for-professional-accountants-due-to-revisions-to-iesba-s-code-of-ethics-for-professional-accountants

The Lieberman Factor Essay Example For Students

The Lieberman Factor Essay The Lieberman FactorThe repercussions of Democratic Presidential candidate Al Gore’s seminal selection of Senator Joseph Lieberman as his running mate are not only helping to decide the presidential election, but also are being felt on the wider national Jewish and political scenes. The Vice Presidential selection was a transparent attempt by Gore to distance himself from President Clinton’s scandals. Joe Lieberman has often been referred to as the â€Å"conscience of the Senate†. He has repeatedly denounced the pornographic and violent products of Hollywood. Lieberman was also the first Democrat in the Senate to denounce Clinton during the Lewinsky affair, though he didn’t vote for impeachment. The political wisdom of Gore’s pick of Leiberman was immediately confirmed. Gore had been trailing 17 points in the polls prior to the selection of Lieberman, but within a few days Gore was tied with Bush in the polls. At that time there was a chorus of appr oval for Lieberman. Literally, no one had anything bad to say about him. Indeed, Republican Vice-Presidential candidate Dick Cheney stated his wish that Lieberman was a Republican. The one element that now permeates Lieberman’s public persona has been his religion. He is of course the first Jewish Vice Presidential candidate. Yet, if Lieberman were just ethnically Jewish, he would not be as historically unique as he is. There have been Jewish Prime Ministers in Europe, such as Leon Blum of France. Unlike those men, Lieberman is an Orthodox Jew. For the Jewish community this appointment is critical, because both the Jewish right and left constantly assert that the only way that the Jewish people can be acclimated to modern society is at the expense of the Torah. Joe Lieberman may help prove this concept wrong. Lieberman, an Orthodox Jew and a Senator at the same time, was chosen precisely because of his religion, from where his morals stem. Lieberman has spread his belief that religion must play a more prominent role in public life, on the campaign trail. Thus, he has been accused of attempting to violate the separation of church and state. We will write a custom essay on The Lieberman Factor specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Religion has held a helpful and constructive role in the general outlook of Presidents since Washington. In fact, Lieberman has referred to Washingtons statement that there is no morality without religion. Both Jefferson and Lincoln constantly called upon G-d in their writings. Truman wrote a letter to the Pope referring to America as a â€Å"Christian nation†. Eisenhower inserted in the national anthem â€Å"under god† and the national currency â€Å"in God we trust†. What animated the thought systems of these men was the idea that a higher deity, or history, or destiny, was on their side. This idea served as a way to legitimize the often-unsavory means to acomplish vastly important ends, such as when Eisenhower overthrew the socialist, democratically elected leader of Guatemala. This act on a small scale destroyed democracy in one Central American country, but on a larger scale kept the Western Hemisphere safe for democracy. Through this habit of mind various Presidents used religion to validate secular goals. This practice, though necessary, has always been dangerous too. First of all, there is the pernicious temptation of breaking one’s own principles temporarily to establish them later on. Secondly, there is the need to maintain the separation between church and state. From Lieberman’s acceptably vague call for more religion in public life, it is not a long road to Bush’s unacceptably specific â€Å"Jesus day†. Sometimes the line between beneficial and right use of religion and destructive and wrong use of religion can get so blurred that there is no line at all. It is too soon to tell how Lieberman and his religious beliefs will effect the election, the Jews and the nation. .ue16b4b3984d906bb37acb34d8ed748f0 , .ue16b4b3984d906bb37acb34d8ed748f0 .postImageUrl , .ue16b4b3984d906bb37acb34d8ed748f0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue16b4b3984d906bb37acb34d8ed748f0 , .ue16b4b3984d906bb37acb34d8ed748f0:hover , .ue16b4b3984d906bb37acb34d8ed748f0:visited , .ue16b4b3984d906bb37acb34d8ed748f0:active { border:0!important; } .ue16b4b3984d906bb37acb34d8ed748f0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue16b4b3984d906bb37acb34d8ed748f0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue16b4b3984d906bb37acb34d8ed748f0:active , .ue16b4b3984d906bb37acb34d8ed748f0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue16b4b3984d906bb37acb34d8ed748f0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue16b4b3984d906bb37acb34d8ed748f0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue16b4b3984d906bb37acb34d8ed748f0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue16b4b3984d906bb37acb34d8ed748f0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue16b4b3984d906bb37acb34d8ed748f0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue16b4b3984d906bb37acb34d8ed748f0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue16b4b3984d906bb37acb34d8ed748f0 .ue16b4b3984d906bb37acb34d8ed748f0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue16b4b3984d906bb37acb34d8ed748f0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: NIOSH EssayPolitical Issues

Similarities between China, Germany, and the Soviet Union essays

Similarities between China, Germany, and the Soviet Union essays The events that occurred in China under Deng Xiaoping s rule are similar to the events that occurred in Nazi Germany under Hitlers rule and the Soviet Union under Stalins rule to a great extent. Successful dictatorships use many techniques to win their countrys support. Propaganda, indoctrination, controlled participation, direction of popular discontent, and force and terror are all commonly used in this form of government; and all are techniques the leaders of those three countries used time and again. All of the media, such as radio and newspapers, was altered to portray the governments as being successful and honorable. No information that could possibly uncover the governments truths was allowed to be exposed. Furthermore, the leaders of the countries began to include their beliefs and ideas into the nations schools and youth programs alike. Children were exposed to the communist and fascist ideas at young ages to ensure continued government support. Also, these regimes used th e technique of controlled participation. People who are allowed to participate in and contribute to something are more likely to support it. In China they introduced the spy-on-your-neighbour campaign, and local authorities had no problem recruiting thousands of neighbourhood informants and auxiliary police to enforce the crusade. One problem the governments did face was that of those who did not believe or did not support their rulers ideas. The solution: direction of popular discontent and the use of force and terror. If civilians still refused to believe the ideologies of their leaders, the governments would try to put the blame on others. In Nazi Germany, Hitler blamed the Jews, Slavs, political opponents, union leaders, ministers of religion, pacifists, and homosexuals for Germanys economic problems at the time. After the Tiananmen Square incident, the Chinese leader placed the blame on the th...

The Site Formation Processes in Archaeology

The Site Formation Processes in Archaeology Site Formation Processes- or more simply formation processes- refers to the events that created and affected an archaeological site before, during, and after its occupation by humans. To gain the best possible understanding of an archaeological site, researchers collect evidence of the natural and cultural events that happened there. A good metaphor for an archaeological site is a palimpsest, a medieval manuscript that has been written on, erased and written over, again and again, and again. Archaeological sites are the remains of human behaviors, stone tools, house foundations, and garbage piles, left behind after the occupants leave. However, each site was created in a specific environment- lakeshore, mountainside, cave, grassy plain. Each site was used and modified by the occupants- fires, houses, roads, cemeteries were built; farm fields were manured and plowed; feasts were held. Each site was eventually abandoned- as a result of climate change, flooding, disease. By the time the archaeologist arrives, the sites have lain abandoned for years or millennia, exposed to weather, animal burrowing, and human borrowing of the materials left behind. Site formation processes include all of that and quite a bit more. Natural Transforms As you might imagine, the nature and intensity of events that occurred at a site are highly variable. Archaeologist Michael B. Schiffer was the first to clearly articulate the concept in the 1980s, and he broadly divided site formations into the two major categories at work, natural and cultural transforms. Natural transforms are ongoing, and can be assigned to one of several broad categories; cultural ones can end, at abandonment or burial, but are infinite or close to it in their variety. Changes to a site caused by nature (Schiffer abbreviated them as N-Transforms) depend on the age of the site, the local climate (past and present), the location and setting, and the type and complexity of occupation. At prehistoric hunter-gatherer occupations, nature is the primary complicating element: mobile hunter-gatherers modify less of their local environment than do villagers or city dwellers. Types of Natural Transforms View of Point of Arches on the Ozette Reservation North of Cape Alava. John Fowler Pedogenesis, or the modification of mineral soils to incorporate organic elements, is an ongoing natural process. Soils constantly form and reform on exposed natural sediments, on human-made deposits, or on previously formed soils. Pedogenesis causes changes in color, texture, composition, and structure: in some cases, it creates immensely fertile soils such as terra preta, and Roman and medieval urban dark earth. Bioturbation, disturbance by plant, animal and insect life, is particularly difficult to account for, as shown by a number of experimental studies, most memorably with Barbara Boceks study of pocket gophers. She discovered that pocket gophers can repopulate the artifacts in a 1x2 meter pit backfilled by clean sand in the space of seven years. Site burial, the burial of a site by any number of natural forces, can have a positive effect on site preservation. Only a handful of cases are as well-preserved as the Roman site Pompeii: the Makah village of Ozette in Washington state in the US was buried by a mudflow about 1500 AD; the Maya site Joya de Ceren in El Salvador by ash deposits about 595 AD. More commonly, the flow of high- or low-energy water sources, lakes, rivers, streams, washes, disturb and/or bury archaeological sites. Chemical modifications are also a factor in site preservation. These include cementation of deposits by carbonate from groundwater, or iron precipitation/dissolution or diagenetic destruction of bone and organic materials; and the creation of secondary materials such as phosphates, carbonates, sulfates, and nitrates. Anthropogenic or Cultural Transforms The Pompeii of North America, Joya de Ceren, was buried in a volcanic eruption in August 595 CE. Ed Nellis Cultural transforms (C-Transforms) are far more complicated than natural transforms because they consist of a potentially infinite variety of activities. People build up (walls, plazas, kilns), dig down (trenches, wells, privies), set fires, plow and manure fields, and, worst of all (from an archaeological point of view) clean up after themselves. Investigating Site Formation To get a handle on all of these natural and cultural activities in the past that have blurred the site, archaeologists rely on an ever-growing group of research tools: the primary one is geoarchaeology. Geoarchaeology is a science allied with both physical geography and archaeology: it is concerned with understanding the physical setting of a site, including its position in the landscape, types of bedrock and Quaternary deposits, and the types of soils and sediments within and outside of the site. Geoarchaeological techniques are often carried out with the aid of satellite and aerial photography, maps (topographic, geological, soil survey, historical), as well as the suite of geophysical techniques such as magnetometry. Geoarchaeological Field Methods In the field, the geoarchaeologist conducts systematic description of cross-sections and profiles, to reconstruct stratigraphic events, their vertical and lateral variations, in and outside of the context of archaeological remains. Sometimes, geoarchaeological field units are placed off-site, in locations where lithostratigraphic and pedological evidence can be collected. The geoarchaeologist studies the site surroundings, description and stratigraphic correlation of the natural and cultural units, as well as sampling in the field for later micromorphological analysis and dating. Some studies collect blocks of intact soils, vertical and horizontal samples from their investigations, to take back to the laboratory where more controlled processing can be conducted than in the field. Grain size analysis and more recently soil micromorphological techniques, including thin section analysis of undisturbed sediments, are conducted using a petrological microscope, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray analyses such as microprobe and x-ray diffraction, and Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. Bulk chemical (organic matter, phosphate, trace elements) and physical (density, magnetic susceptibility) analyses are used to incorporate or determine individual processes. Formation Process Studies Restudy of Mesolithic sites in Sudan excavated in the 1940s was conducted using modern techniques. The 1940s archaeologists commented that aridity had affected the sites so badly that there was no evidence of hearths or buildings or even post-holes of buildings. The new study applied micromorphological techniques and they were able to discern evidence of all of these types of features at the sites (Salvatori and colleagues). Deep-water shipwreck (defined as shipwrecks more than 60 meters deep) site formation processes have shown that the deposit of a shipwreck is a function of heading, speed, time, and water depth and can be predicted and measured using a set basic of equations (Church). Formation process studies at the 2nd century BC Sardinian site of Pauli Stincus revealed evidence of agricultural methods, including the use of a sodbuster and slash and burn farming (Nicosia and colleagues). The microenvironments of Neolithic lake dwellings in northern Greece were studied, revealing a previously unidentified response to rising and falling lake levels, with the residents building on platforms on stilts or directly on the ground as needed (Karkanas and colleagues). Sources Aubry, Thierry, et al. Palaeoenvironmental Forcing During the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic Transition in Central-Western Portugal. Quaternary Research 75.1 (2011): 66-79. Print. Bertran, Pascal, et al. Experimental Archaeology in a Mid-Latitude Periglacial Context: Insight into Site Formation and Taphonomic Processes. Journal of Archaeological Science 57 (2015): 283-301. Print. Bocek, Barbara. The Jasper Ridge . American Antiquity 57.2 (1992): 261-69. Print.Reexcavation Experiment:Â  Rates of Artifact Mixing by Rodents Church, Robert A. Deep-Water Shipwreck Initial Site Formation: The Equation of Site Distribution. Journal of Maritime Archaeology 9.1 (2014): 27-40. Print. Ismail-Meyer, Kristin, Philippe Rentzel, and Philipp Wiemann. Neolithic Lakeshore Settlements in Switzerland: New Insights on Site Formation Processes from Micromorphology. Geoarchaeology 28.4 (2013): 317-39. Print. Linstdter, J., et al. Chronostratigraphy, Site Formation Processes and Pollen Record of Ifri Netsedda, Ne Morocco. Quaternary International 410, Part A (2016): 6-29. Print. Nicosia, Cristiano, et al. Land Use History and Site Formation Processes at the Punic Site of Pauli Stincus in West Central Sardinia. Geoarchaeology 28.4 (2013): 373-93. Print.

How Right-to-Work Law Affects Labor Relations Term Paper

How Right-to-Work Law Affects Labor Relations - Term Paper Example The right to work law affects the process of collective bargaining between the labor class and the management not only in the private sector but also in the public sector. It is through the process of collective bargaining that the labors and the management meet for negotiating a contract which covers the terms and condition of employment. Both the labor and the management agree to all the requirements present in the contract before its implementation. It is then that the labors vote on whether or not they agree to the contract that covers their working conditions, wages, benefits and several other issues. Many laborers and the employers at this point also agree to add the â€Å"union security clause† which states that all the labors having rights to the collective bargaining process must also agree to pay their part of cost in the union representation (Plumer). There are many proponents of the right to work law that agree to the fact that it imposes a positive impact on the l abor-management relationship. Right to work law allows labors to gain some benefits from the organization such as receiving union services or enjoying free rides, which also leads the businesses to gain employee satisfaction and build a sense of loyalty in them for the firm. There is evidence present about the fact that right to work law accelerates the economic activity of the state, it lowers the ratio of employment in the state and help businesses to create new and attractive jobs. When the economy of a state prospers the productivity.

What Role does Bundle Sheaths Play in C4 Plants Essay

What Role does Bundle Sheaths Play in C4 Plants - Essay Example Bundle sheath cells are the major site of refixation of the CO2 and C4 acid decarboxylation. The mesophyll cells also concentrate the CO2 and send it to the bundle sheath cells. NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) are expressed in the bundle sheath cells of the C4 plants. They are the major enzymes responsible for the refixation of the CO2 from the C4 acid. (Nomura et al. 2005). In C4 leaves, each vein is surrounded by a ring of the bundle sheath cells surrounded again by the mesophyll cells. These bundle sheaths have the chloroplasts arranged centrifugally with the large starch granules and unstacked thylakoid membranes. In the bundle sheath cells ribulose-1,5-bis-phosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) enzyme accumulates extensively. The specific enzyme activity can be easily determined by using the non aqueous fractionation techniques and pulse labeling techniques. (Majeran et al. 2005).

Uptown, Dakota and Powermaster Case Study Essay Example for Free

Uptown, Dakota and Powermaster Case Study Essay In 1989, R.J. Reynolds announced to introduce a plan for Uptown, the cigarettes designed to target at black smokers. However, Uptown never reached the shelves because the opposition of some interest groups. In 1990, R.J. Reynolds begun to sell Dakota, which were a new cigarette brand targeted primarily at 18 to 24 years old female. In 1990, the alcohol producer Heileman Brewing Company launched a new high-alcohol drink PowerMaster, in order to targeted at black customers. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. and G. Heileman Brewing Co. targeted the minority and ethnic groups. The segmentation marketing strategy of the cigarette and alcohol company induced some controversy marketing problems (Smith, 1995). II. Ethical Issues of the Company The ethical issue of R.J. Reynolds and G. Heileman Brewing was the same: they targeted the consumer segments viewed as â€Å"vulnerable† with the unhealthy products. Although marketing segmentation is an important marketing strategy for the company, the introduction of Uptown, Dakota and PowerMaster have resulted in controversy and even criticized as unethical because the products targeted at those people who are in lower income and with fewer education experience. 2.1 Ethical Issues Related Uptown and Dakota ï ¼Ë†source: http://www.naaapi.org/documents/uptown.aspï ¼â€° With sales amount declining, R.J. Reynolds announced to introduce Uptown to seek new customers. Uptown is designed according to the black customers’ performance with lighter menthol and upside down filter. Uptown was charged for its misleading advertisement message brought more disease to a group with high smoking illness and mortality (Richard J, 1998). Although the plan of Uptown was cancelled because of the strong against of the social interest groups, the company’s segmentation strategy was implemented via other brands such as Dakota. Dakota targeted young female through the use of younger slim models and the advertisement slogan to mislead the young women smokers. Most of the targeted customers of Dakota were white female with high school degrees or blue-collar workers. They were so young to have good self-control awareness or the ability to judge true or false from the advertisement. And the company advocated Dakota as slim cigarettes and appealed the young female customers with misleading message. 2.2 Ethical Issues Related to PowerMaster PowerMaster is a malt liquor that drawn criticism from health organizations, which charged the company promoted the products to poor blacks and inner-city neighborhoods. According to the investigation of these organizations, alcohol was connected to many serious social problems, such as suicide and family violence. And the black men had a 40 percentage higher death of liver cancer than the white people (Bureau of National Affairs, 1991). (Source: http://www.google.com.au/search?q=powermasterhl) III. Relevant Interactions and Connections of the Stakeholders There are eleven stakeholders involved in this case study. In the following part, I will use the stakeholder interaction model to identify the specific stakeholders and the relevant interactions and connections among them. And find how they think and value the ethical issues and their decision. The stakeholder interaction model (Source: Maignan, Ferrell and Ferrell, 2003) 3.1 Company (Management) Company: R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. (RJR); G. Heileman Brewing Co. Senior administrator: RJR’s CEO; RJR’s Marketing VP: Peter Hoult; Spokesperson; Marketing VP of Philip Morris Co. Both of the companies were under the heavy pressure to improve the marketing share of their products and create more profits to both the shareholders and employees. The business performance of the company will influence relationship with local government, community and suppliers. The senior administrators introduced the mew brand to customers, and explain the controversy from the perspective of the company. They provided and applied the segmentation marketing strategy and targeted at the vulnerable customers. They believed that the targeted customers have right to buy the products that fit their preference, the introduction of new products won’t change the whether they buy or not. Targeting at some special groups is just a tactic of marketing choice. 3.2 Customers They want the products that better need their needs, and the products are available in the right places with the right prices. The choice of customers will decide the company’s operating condition and employee’s welfare. And the employees produce the products and sell them to customers. Interest groups were looking forward to protecting the health of them. Customers pay tax to government; therefore, the government should make efforts to protect their legal interests. Customers have rights to buy alcohol and cigarettes, but some customers may mislead by the unethical strategy of the company and bring bad effect to themselves. 3.3 Government Senate; National Coalition; The government should be responsible for the citizen’s health, when the company introduce the harmful products to the customers and bring bad social impacts, the government can regulate and administrate the company through tax or laws. 3.4 Community In this case, the community leaders charged the promotion of alcoholic products of G. Heileman Brewing Company which are targeted at the black and Latino neighborhoods resulted in a series of social problems (Folt,1991). The Community provides the company with physical and social infrastructure that allows the company to do business. 3.5 Suppliers The suppliers are business partners of the companies, they want to maintain long-term and trusted relationships with the company. 3.6 Shareholders In this case, the shareholders were the people who bought the stocks of the R.J. Reynolds Company and G. Heileman Brewing Company. They were granted to get the profits of the enterprises in the form of dividends and they wanted to maximum their return on the investment. Shareholders also wanted the company to behavior ethically and gain good reputation, however; in some instance the stockholders’ strong desire to get profits may push the company conduct unethical marketing strategy in order to meet the commitments to the shareholders. 3.7 Employees The employees and shareholders mutually influenced each other, employees wanted to get reward consistent with their performance in the company. They brought economic profits to the stockholders, and they hoped their welfare could be improved as a return. Although employees of R.J. Reynolds and G. Heileman Brewing were not the direct business decision makers, they produced and sold the â€Å"unethical† cigarettes and alcohol to the vulnerable customers. And as a member of company, their welfare is related to whether the customers choose their products or not. When they loss the trust of customers they will also lose their own interests. 3.8 Special Interest Groups Public Health Organizationsï ¼Å¡Health and Human Services Secretary; The Women’s Tennis Association; Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI). Public Health officials (Louis W. Sullivan; Reed Tuckson; Surgeon; General Koop) They have activities against the company and give information to the customers via the mess media. They criticized the Tabaco and alcohol company giving misleading information to the venerable customers and exploited profit from the poor, young, black and Hispanics groups. The special interest groups try to stop the unethical business strategies of the companies through boycotts and giving public censure to the government agency in order to protect he customers from unhealthy habits and behavior. 3.9 Trade Associations The Beer Institute; Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (BATF); The trade organization is an organization in the same trade formed to further their collative interests. The relative Trade Associations has the power of giving approval of using the label and also has the rights to use the related policies and regulations within their industry to control the behavior of the enterprises. In this case, BATF pushed G. Heileman Brewing Company to drop the word â€Å"power†. 3.10 Competitors Philip Morris Co.; BAT Industries; Black Sunday; Crazy Horse; St Ides. The marketing shortage of the company’s competitors may give the decision maker some enlightenment. And the company may imitate competitors’ profitable products and transfer its attention to the new area, do research on the new products in order to compete with others. In the case, Philip Morris is the leading cigarette company provides young female smokers with the brand Marlboro. The strategy of Phillip Morris pushed R.J. Reynolds into targeting at young female customers. 3.11 Mess Media: The black oriented newspapers and magazines such as Jet and Ebony; Other media; Commentator of the media; New York Times; Beverage World; Fortune. The target marketing oriented media published alcoholic drinks and Tabaco advertisements to the customers, which may induce the prevalence of smoking. Other media reported on the protest against targeting at vulnerable customers. The Commentator of the media offered the customers with insightful analysis of the target marketing products and give suggestions to officials in the health organizations. IV: Rank the Stakeholder It is necessary to understand the relationships of all the stakeholders involved in the activity of the company or the interest groups. Having a good management of the relationships with each kind of stakeholder will be beneficial to the performance of that organization. The following two lists showing a rank of the stakeholders involved in the business activities of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company and G. Heileman Brewing Company from the perspectives of the two companies and interest groups respectively. The shareholders hold the stocks of the company, in other words they can decide the company’s fate, and it’s the company’s obligation to maximize the stakeholders’ benefits, So R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company and G. Heileman Brewing Company ranked their own shareholders in the most important place. Employees can provide research, manufacturing and sales services to the customers, their satisfaction of working conditions and welfares will influence their performance during the working period and then directly influence the company’s operating performance. Customers are usually regarded as the most important stakeholders. No company will operate well if it cannot persuade customers to buy its products. Therefore, both R.J. Reynolds and G. Heileman designed new brand products to the customers in order to increase their marketing share and get more profits. But they used wrong marketing segmentation strategies, and brought bad effects to the vulnerable gr oups that they are targeted at. 4.2 From the interest group’s perspective | | 1| Customers| 2| Community| 3| Mass Media| 4| Employees| 5| Government| 6| Trade Association| 7| Shareholders| 8| Suppliers| 9| Company| 10| Competitors| In this case, all the interest groups involved in are the noneconomic public health organizations such as Health and Human Services Secretary; The Women’s Tennis Association; Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) and so on. These noneconomic interest groups seek the solutions of the public concerns and issues. They against the tobacco and alcohol companies targeted at some vulnerable customers, and sold harmful products to these customers with unethical ways. Therefore, from the interest group’s perspective, the interests of the customers should be ranked in the fist place. â€Å"The basic meaning of Community is a group of people living in the same locality and the same government † (Wikipedia). The ultimate objective of the interest groups is solving the social issues that they concerned and about and then improve the total living standards of the community. And the Community provides the company with physical and social infrastructure that allows the company to do business. Therefore, when a company was failed to exercise its obligations, the Community has the duty to interdict its unethical behavior (Patrick 2004). In the case, the boycott and other against activities of the interest groups are under the support and assistance of the mess media. The media not only gave the pressure to the unethical companies, but also showed right guidance of public opinion. V: Alternative Courses of Action and Recommendation 5.1 Alternative Courses of Action Recommendations for Company For R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company and G. Heileman Brewing Company, they should rank the customers in the first order rather than their own interests. Although marketing segmentation is an useful strategy in some conditions, the marketers of the alcoholic and tobacco industry should not target at the groups who are vulnerable due to their disadvantages in income, knowledge, age, life circumstance and so on. The alcoholic makers should provide the obvious marks with the information of the content, serving size the macronutrients, and the hazard of over drinking. The companies should participate more in the charitable activities, help and sponsor the people who suffer from the bad disease may caused by their products in order to have a better implementation of social responsibility. 5.2 Alternative Courses of Action Recommendations for Interest Groups For the interest groups, they should help and training these vulnerable citizens directly with informative knowledge and cooperate with government rather than only criticizing the cigarettes and alcohol company. Cooperating with the government in order to better restrict unethical business strategies in alcoholic and tobacco industry. The government could use more methods to regulate and administrate the enterprise behavior through tax and law. Providing tobacco-use prevention courses in the school. The general awareness of the smoking harms health should be introduced since the primary school and reinforced in the high school in order to increase the successful rate of preventing tobacco for the young people. Encouraging the family members of the smoker or alcoholic drinker to persuade them giving up the unhealthy products or reduce the quantity of consumption. Reference Smith, N 1995, ‘Case Study: Uptown, Dakota, and PowerMaster’, Communication in Business: Internal and External, P54-58. Patrick, E, Gene, R, Norman, E Thomas, A 2004, Ethical marketing, Pearson Education, New Jersey. Grace, D Coken, S 2005, Business ethics: problems and cases, Oxford, New York. Fisher, C Lovell, A 2006, Business ethics and values: individual, corporate and international perspective ,Pearson Education, Harlow. Warner, K, Goldenhar, L1992, ‘Targeting of cigarette advertising in US markets’, Tobacco Control, vol.25, P30. http://www.naaapi.org/documents/uptown.asp http://www.google.com.au/search?q=powermasterhl Richard, J 1998, Life in a Business oriented society, Allyn and Bacon, Boston. Smith, C Martin, E 1997, ‘Ethics and target marketing: the role of product harm and consumer vulnerability’, Journal of Marketing, vol.61, P1-20.

Is Christian Conversion a Poltical Act for the American Indian? :: Essays Papers

Is Christian Conversion a Poltical Act for the American Indian? In Southeastern Alaska, Indian conversion to Pentecostalism generally removes indigenous identity from a place of value, and with this exclusion, removes a native cultural context for politically addressing behaviors that have developed within the Indian community as a result of the political economy in Southeastern Alaska. In the "larger processes of political economy and identity in the late twentieth century,† the native community is marginal and impoverished (195), and necessitates the social framework for native â€Å"collective identity projects† (5) and â€Å"symbolic representations† of nativism (7). Economy and native identity are inextricably connected, as subsistence living comes under direct threat from the economic â€Å"opportunities† foisted upon Indians and destructive behaviors, including alcohol abuse, physical and sexual abuse, and suicide, are intrinsic to the native life experience of many people. As â€Å"virtually all† Indian c onverts to radical Christianity â€Å"root their own church experience in an escape from alcohol addiction,† religious conversion influences how society redresses socioeconomic realities, and thus political realties (164). â€Å"To many marginal people,† the collective nature of salvation creates a â€Å"sociality of hope† that offers them relief from the economic realities around them. Converting to another system of hope and faith presents a â€Å"special appeal among those made marginal by the history of colonial expansion and by the continuing ebb and flow of capital penetration† (181). By advocating â€Å"a strategy of collectivity over one rooted in difference†(182), church converts reflect a desire to convert into a new economic life of â€Å"the American middle class† and escape their own economic realities (178). In the practice of Pentecostal religion, overcoming addiction through dedication to the teachings of the church means â€Å"giving up on trying to do anything about [addiction] yourself†(142), and shaking loose of an â€Å"institutional focus†¦on social or political order† that addresses non-Christian means of rehabilitation or pol itical change (178). Indian conversions to radical Christianity in Southeastern Alaska are thus not only spiritual changes, but political as well, in two significant ways. First, Pentecostal conversion is political because it transforms the collective structure of human values and accepted sociopolitical thought, principally in one’s perception of â€Å"cultural relativism†. When â€Å"the entire possibility of comparison and equivalence† between groups of people is utterly rejected, culture-group members are unjustly denied any basis for defense or justification for their differences in values and practices (154). Moreover, the political participation of church groups in society invariably â€Å"react against† any â€Å"political situation in which resource development and cultural revival† take place over issues of salvation, and in this opposition, conversion becomes a political act of social separation (173).

Cyber Crime Law Essay

(a) Offenses against the confidentiality, integrity and availability of computer data and systems: (1) Illegal Access. – The access to the whole or any part of a computer system without right. (2) Illegal Interception. – The interception made by technical means without right of any non-public transmission of computer data to, from, or within a computer system including electromagnetic emissions from a computer system carrying such computer data. (3) Data Interference. — The intentional or reckless alteration, damaging, deletion or deterioration of computer data, electronic document, or electronic data message, without right, including the introduction or transmission of viruses. (4) System Interference. — The intentional alteration or reckless hindering or interference with the functioning of a computer or computer network by inputting, transmitting, damaging, deleting, deteriorating, altering or suppressing computer data or program, electronic document, or electronic data message, without right or authority, including the introduction or transmission of viruses. (5) Misuse of Devices. (i) The use, production, sale, procurement, importation, distribution, or otherwise making available, without right, of: (aa) A device, including a computer program, designed or adapted primarily for the purpose of committing any of the offenses under this Act; or (bb) A computer password, access code, or similar data by which the whole or any part of a computer system is capable of being accessed with intent that it be used for the purpose of committing any of the offenses under this Act. (ii) The possession of an item referred to in paragraphs 5(i)(aa) or (bb) above with intent to use said devices for the purpose of committing any of the offenses under this section. (6) Cyber-squatting. – The acquisition of a domain name over the internet in bad faith to profit, mislead, destroy reputation, and deprive others from registering the same, if such a domain name is: (i) Similar, identical, or confusingly similar to an existing trademark registered with the appropriate government agency at the time of the domain name registration: (ii) Identical or in any way similar with the name of a person other than the registrant, in case of a personal name; and (iii) Acquired without right or with intellectual property interests in it. (b) Computer-related Offenses: (1) Computer-related Forgery. — (i) The input, alteration, or deletion of any computer data without right resulting in inauthentic data with the intent that it be considered or acted upon for legal purposes as if it were authentic, regardless whether or not the data is directly readable and intelligible; or (ii) The act of knowingly using computer data which is the product of computer-related forgery as defined herein, for the purpose of perpetuating a fraudulent or dishonest design. (2) Computer-related Fraud. — The unauthorized input, alteration, or deletion of computer data or program or interference in the functioning of a computer system, causing damage thereby with fraudulent intent: Provided, That if no damage has yet been caused, the penalty imposable shall be one (1) degree lower. (3) Computer-related Identity Theft. – The intentional acquisition, use, misuse, transfer, possession, alteration or deletion of identifying information belonging to another, whether natural or juridical, without right: Provided, That if no damage has yet been caused, the penalty imposable shall be one (1) degree lower. (c) Content-related Offenses: (1) Cybersex. — The willful engagement, maintenance, control, or operation, directly or indirectly, of any lascivious exhibition of sexual organs or sexual activity, with the aid of a computer system, for favor or consideration. (2) Child Pornography. — The unlawful or prohibited acts defined and punishable by Republic Act No. 9775 or the Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009, committed through a computer system: Provided, That the penalty to be imposed shall be (1) one degree higher than that provided for in Republic Act No. 9775. (3) Unsolicited Commercial Communications. — The transmission of commercial electronic communication with the use of computer system which seek to advertise, sell, or offer for sale products and services are prohibited unless: (i) There is prior affirmative consent from the recipient; or (ii) The primary intent of the communication is for service and/or administrative announcements from the sender to its existing users, subscribers or customers; or (iii) The following conditions are present: (aa) The commercial electronic communication contains a simple, valid, and reliable way for the recipient to reject. receipt of further commercial electronic messages (opt-out) from the same source; (bb) The commercial electronic communication does not purposely disguise the source of the electronic message; and (cc) The commercial electronic communication does not purposely include misleading information in any part of the message in order to induce the recipients to read the message. (4) Libel. — The unlawful or prohibited acts of libel as defined in Article 355 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended, committed through a computer system or any other similar means which may be devised in the future. SEC. 5. Other Offenses. — The following acts shall also constitute an offense: (a) Aiding or Abetting in the Commission of Cybercrime. – Any person who willfully abets or aids in the commission of any of the offenses enumerated in this Act shall be held liable. (b) Attempt in the Commission of Cybercrime. — Any person who willfully attempts to commit any of the offenses enumerated in this Act shall be held liable.

Major Changes In The Way Sociologists Have Understood Religion During The 20th Century

The word religion is derived from the Latin noun religio, which denotes both earnest observances of ritual obligations and an inward spirit of reverence. In modern usage, religion covers a wide spectrum of meanings that reflect the enormous variety of ways the term can be interpreted. Religion in this understanding includes a complex of activities that cannot be reduced to any single aspect of human experience. It is a part of individual life but also of group dynamics. Religion is a sacred engagement with that which is believed to be a spiritual reality.Religion is a worldwide phenomenon that has played a part in all human culture and is so much broader, more complex category than the set of beliefs or practices found in any single religious tradition. An adequate understanding of religion must take into account its distinctive qualities and patterns as a form of human experience, as well as the similarities and differences in religion across human cultures. According to antiquity o f religious study, the first Western attempts to understand and document religious phenomena were made by the Greeks and the Romans.As early as the 6th century BC, Greek philosopher Xenophanes noted that different cultures visualized the gods in different ways. In the following century, Greek historian Herodotus recorded the wide range of religious practices he encountered in his travels, comparing the religious observances of various cultures, such as sacrifice and worship, with their Greek equivalents. Roman historians Julius Caesar and Cornelius Tacitus similarly recorded the rites and customs of peoples that they met on their military campaigns. By the end of the 19th century, scholars were making religion an object of systematic inquiry.German scholar, Friedrich Max Miller’s comparative approach, that every religion possessed some measure of truth, was adopted in many European and Japanese universities. In addition, field anthropologists had begun to compile firsthand ac counts of the religions of people who previously had been dismissed as savages. The study of tribal religions contributed a great deal to the general analysis of the role of religion in human societies. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, scholars had begun to pose basic questions about the origin and development of religious ideas.Scholars questioned how religion began and the stages of its evolution. Some maintained that it originated with animism (belief in spirits), then evolved into the notion that there were many gods (polytheism), and ultimately emerged as the ideal of a single god (monotheism). Others held that religion began in a sense of awe at the impressive activities of nature, in a feeling of reverence for the spirits of the dead, or in an attempt to overcome mortality. Many other important questions about the nature of religion were addressed during this period: Can religion be divided into so-called primitive and higher types?Is religion a product of psycholog ical needs and projections? Is it a function of political and social control? Such questions have continued to generate a large number of theories. Romanian scholar Mircea Eliade, who taught at the University of Chicago from 1957 to 1985, emphasized that religious people experience the ordinary world differently from non-religious people because they view it as a sacred place. In Eliade’s view, believing in the divine foundations of life, transforms the significance of natural objects and activities.He believed that for the homo religious (Latin for â€Å"religious man,† a term used by Eliade to designate a person who lives according to a religious worldview), time, space, the earth, the sky, and the human body can all come to have a symbolic, religious meaning. Like Rudolf Otto, Eliade held that the study of religion must not reduce to something merely social or psychological, but must take seriously the idea that in the believer’s world the experience of sacre dness defines a distinctive reality. Modernity has posed acute challenges to traditional religions.In the 1906s membership in mainstream Christian denominations began to decline, and candidates for the priesthood were less numerous. For a large number of people in modern societies, religion is neither good nor bad but simply irrelevant, given the many alternative ways to find meaning in various forms of cultural pursuits, ethical ideals, and lifestyles. These challenges to religion are partly a result of the prestige of science. The sciences describe a universe without reference to deities, the soul, or spiritual meaning.In addition, critical studies of biblical history have demonstrated that the Bible is not unique among ancient religious and historical documents. For example, the biblical stories of the Garden of Eden and the Deluge (universal flood) are common to other ancient Middle Eastern religions. Other factors that have contributed to a decline in religious participation in the 20th century include the presentation of religion as a prescientific form of superstitious thinking, as a source of political control and divisiveness, as a confirmation of established patriarchal values, or as an emotional crutch.In addition, many families are no longer able to maintain stable religious traditions because they are disconnected from traditional, supportive religions or as a result of mixed or nonreligious marriages. Another influence has been the loss of community and social commitment that has followed in the wake of increased mobility. Frequent changes of location can result in a sense of impermanence or instability. This is particularly true of a move from town to city, which often results in the loss of stable community structure.Social uprooting can lead to religious uprooting because religious affiliation is closely related to social ties. Evangelicalism in its various forms, including fundamentalism, offers a different response to modernity. Conservative movements, which have appeared internationally in every major religious tradition, have gained vitality by protesting what they see as the conspicuous absence of moral values in secular society. In times of anxiety and uncertainty, such movements present scripture as a source of doctrinal certainty and of moral absolutes.Against the secularism of the day, evangelical movements have succeeded in creating their own alternative cultures and have acquired considerable political influence. For all its challenges to the traditional religious identity, modernity has at the same time created new spiritual opportunities. Thousands of new religious movements emerged in the 20th century, offering alternative forms of community to people otherwise removed from past associations and disenchanted with modern values.Collectively, these new religions offer a large number of options, and addressing virtually every conceivable type of spiritual need. In a sense, modernity has created needs and probl ems for which new movements are able to present them as solutions. Some offer ethnic revitalization; others, techniques of mediation and self-improvement; and still others, have the power of alternative or spiritual forms of healing. Buddhist- and Hindu-derived movements continue to have considerable followings among Westerners searching for truths beyond Judeo-Christian tradition.Further, in a world where home life has become less stable, an international movement such as the Unification Church emphasizes the holiness and divine restoration of the institution of the family. Currently, one of the most rapidly growing religious movements is Pentecostalism, which takes its name from the festival day when the first Christian community felt the power of the Holy Spirit pour out on them. Pentecostalism’s grass roots services provide direct, ecstatic spiritual experiences.A quite different but also widespread form of spirituality is that of the so-called New Age Movement, which off ers individuals the opportunity to reconnect with mystical dimensions of the self and thus with the wider cosmos-relationships that are typically obscured by secular culture and often are not addressed in biblical traditions. In summary, there have been many changes in the way religion is viewed in the 20th century, in all aspects of sociological templates, that is, historical, structural, cultural, and critical aspects.

Definitions of abnormality unit 2 Essays - Abnormal Psychology

Definitions of abnormality unit 2 Essays - Abnormal Psychology 119Abnormality is very difficult to define to decide where normal behaviour ends and where abnormal behaviour begins discuss two or more definitions of abnormality. (12 marks) Another possible way to define abnormality is the failure to function adequately. Most people who seek psychiatric help are suffering from a sense of psychological distress or discomfort. In most societies we have expectations of how people should behave and live their lives. An example where this definition can be applied is when someone is suffering from severe depression, which leads to apathy and inertia, this means the depressed person may fail to even get up in the morning or hold down a job and relationship. Failure to function adequately is a general sign of disorder and not itself specific to any condition. Rosenham and Seligman suggest that the most suitable approach to defining mental abnormality may be to identify a set of seven abnormal characteristics consisting of suffering, maladaptiveness, vividness and unconventionality of behaviour, unpredictability and loss of control, irrationality and incomprehensibility and observes discomfort. It is suggested that the more an individual has these characteristics the more they are classed as abnormal. A second definition for abnormality is the deviation from ideal mental health. This approach unlike the previous one seeks to identify the characteristics people need to be mentally healthy rather than identifying the problems. An example is someone suffering from schizophrenia who often experience hallucinations and delusions, some patients also experience lack of emotional response. Jahoda perceives abnormality in a similar way to the perceptions of ideal mental health and looks for an absence of well-being. She identifies 6 major characteristics that individuals should exhibit in order to be normal. It is the absence of these criteria which indicate abnormality and therefore displaying deviation from ideal mental health. These criteria consist of self attitudes, personal growth, integration, autonomy, perception of reality and environmental mastery. Those who suffer from schizophrenia consequently suffer from an absence of having an accurate perception of reality as well as being unable to empathise with others. This absence indicates a deviation from ideal mental health and thus may classify someone as being abnormal. One problem with Rosenham and Seligmans features is that most of them involve making subjective judgements. This is a significant limitation because behaviour causing severe discomfort to one observer may have no effect on another observer whilst behaviour that violates one persons moral standard is consistent with another persons moral standards. The other problem with the categories is that they also apply to people who are non-conformist and people who simply think differently to the majority of society but are mentally healthy. Therefore there are no clear objective measures of normality or abnormality. This becomes even more difficult when some people are not aware of their failure to function adequately, many people with schizophrenia deny they have any problem. Thus it would make it very difficult to diagnose such a person as schizophrenic whilst going by the failure to function adequately definition. Cultural variations are also a limitation to the FFA approach to abnormality. Standard patterns of behaviour and societal norms and values vary across cultures leading to significant differences in the way people perceive normalcy. What one person may deem abnormal and deviant in one culture may be entirely consistent with another culture this makes it difficult to use the FFA as a definition of abnormality and to use it as an objective tool of measurement for abnormality. In England if a stranger was to start conversing with you in for example a train, most likely they would be thought to be a little abnormal as social norms here dictate that people should keep their distance from others in public transport and in most other places too as the British population value their private space and quiet . However, in many other countries such as The Netherlands it is completely normal and consistent with their societal norms to smile and say good morning and even start a conversation. This shows that in effect if some of these people were to come to Britain and behave the same way they did at home they may be labelled as slightly abnormal so the FFA approach can be very

5 Practical Tips for Better Essays

5 Practical Tips for Better Essays How to Improve Essay Writing Skills Many students face difficulties when dealing with their writing assignments. Alongside, they find it challenging to create a better essay than a previous one. The deal is that when you are writing essays regularly, create a set of rules or some kind of formula for all your next papers. So, how is it possible to improve essay writing skills? How to create not good but brilliant paper? Get to know 5 useful and practical skills for better essays. They will surely help you to complete papers and impress everybody. Read the Essays Written by Other People It seems to be a pretty good idea. Do you know why? Reading different books written by prominent authors can influence your writing style greatly, can`t it? The same is about reading other people`s essays. You will analyze what you like or dislike concerning this or that essay, and keep in mind what is good to use in your own paper. It would be great for you to have some time to read essays written by your peers, fellow-students and academics. Read different types of essays and of different learning areas, not necessarily only that one you are involved in. The broader your outlook is, the better your essay is. However, keep in mind that these essays should be like etalons or valuable examples for you to follow. Try to be critical and evaluate everything written there. Also, you can find pretty good essay examples in the broadsheet newspapers. It would be interesting for you to see how writers supported their ideas, provided arguments etc. All essays you are reading should be of the top-quality and balanced. The main goal of all this is to take the best that writers used and to learn some useful techniques which will help while writing an essay of your own. Build Your Vocabulary and Learn How to Use It Properly This will help you to develop a skill of expressing own thoughts clearly and concisely. A good essay is characterized by proper word choice and its economy as well. Readers prefer to read a condensed information expressed clearly rather than long and rambling points of view. If you to want to become a confident writer and impress everybody with your talking extremely to the point, you should always work on your advanced vocabulary enrichment. Of course, there are always a lot of new words to learn, and they surely help to convey a proper meaning accurately. It also enables you to be more persuasive in your essays. Ways to enrich your vocabulary: Subscribe to a ‘word a day’ email. You will get a new word each day, so create a separate folder in your inbox and put all messages with new words there. It will help you learn new words, have them all together and use them whenever possible. Read more. If you are reading, you are facing some new words. Don’t hesitate to look up those words in the dictionary. By doing this you will not only learn new words, you will also know how to use them in relation to the context. Reading different articles and books will not only add to your general knowledge level but widen your vocabulary as well. Learn prefixes, suffixes and roots. It may seem a little boring but you will benefit from this in a lot of ways. This will help you to learn a great number of new words and build them up. Create a vocabulary book. It is a usual thing for those studying a foreign language. So, why don’t you start a vocabulary book of your native tongue? Buy a notepad and put down there some new words with their definitions.   The process of writing everything down will increase your chances to memorize those words. It is also a good idea to divide all your vocabulary into sections, for example, words related to history, science etc. Make Up Your Mind Before Writing You are always told a plan and essay outline before writing. That really works. However, even before planning something, you need to know what argument and point of view you are going to discuss. Having come up with key ideas, you can build a plan for your essay right from the introduction to the conclusion. Try to make a short summary of what you intend to write in your essay, why it should make the readers interested and what are the goals of your assignment. Provide Opinions of Other People An essay is a good way to show how intelligent you are. So, do not miss the opportunity to quote some famous people and original sources concerning the topic you are working with. It is possible that you do not agree with this or that saying. So, do not hesitate to express your point of view. Different views and discussions show that you are able to perceive and analyze the information. In order to be well-prepared, create a separate page in your notebook for each subject you are studying, and write down there all prominent personalities, alongside with their achievements. It will be a quick way to refer in case of necessity. However, you shouldn’t quote too much. Don’t forget to express your point of view more. Don’t make the readers think that you are using other people`s sayings just to avoid providing your own thoughts. Grammar, Syntax and Punctuation You may not pay too much attention to these points while writing. However, these things do influence the whole picture of the essay you are writing. Actually, sentence structures show on your intelligence level. You know that the most important task is to write your essay properly and make it readable and understandable for readers. It is good to use sentences of different types and lengths. However, do not make them too long. Readers can lose their understanding, while they don’t need to read a sentence twice to grasp the meaning. Effective and accurate punctuation is also important here. If speaking about the tone of voice, it all depends on the essay type and your teachers` specifications. You can write your essay either in Passive or Active Voice. So, before start working on your paper, always check the requirements. Hope these tips were quite useful for your and they will help you to create only better essays all the time. Keep on trying!

Electric sector in Ivory Coast Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Electric sector in Ivory Coast - Research Paper Example However, since the inception of their new president in 2010 the country is trying to build up its infrastructure especially the electric sector. The mission of the country in terms of electricity is to make Ivory Coast the center of the Western African power pool (Gnansounou, 2008). According to the author, the government is aiming at attracting both local and foreign investors. The government is cooperative and has launched opportunities in hydro and thermal generation of electricity. This gives private, foreign, and local investors a wide chance to invest in the country. To prove the seriousness of this situation, the Ministry of Mines and Energy was set up to help in promoting and implementing of the projects (Mbendi, 2012). Legal reforms and frameworks are also complete to pave way for easy implementation of the plan. This is to stimulate and attract investors. Currently the electric law n ° 85-583 established in 1985 and decree n °98-725 established in 1998 provides the Stat e with the monopoly power to transmit, distribute import and export power in the country (Pierre-Olivier Pineau, 2008). The monopoly power that the state owns is the major challenge the electric sector is facing. Amongst the strengths of the sector, include the strategic plans to allow private and foreign investors to help in transmission and distribution of electricity (Ray, 2011). RecommendationsïÆ' ¼Ã‚  The government should allow private and foreign investors to help in distribution and transmission of electricity.

Managing Business in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Business in Europe - Essay Example Though, there are lot of prominent automobile manufacturers in Europe, majority of the production of automobiles required for the European market is outsourced. The prominent automobile manufacturers in Europe are DaimlerChrysler, Volkswagen (VW), BMW, Ford Europe, General Motors (GM) Europe, Renault, PSA (Peugeot-Citro'n), Fiat and Porsche etc. "The EU is the largest automotive production region in the world and the industry comprises 6.5 % of the manufacturing sector in the Union. Direct employment by the automotive industry stands at about 2.2 million employees, while the total employment effect (direct and indirect) is estimated to be about 12 million" (THE AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR, 2009). This report analyses; Influence of EU's policies on Automotive Industry; Influence of Single European Market or EMU on Automotive Industry; Opportunities and threats for Automotive Industry associated with the enlargement of the European Union; Automotive Industry strategies for Europe etc. The increasingly international setting of business makes it harder and harder to establish the boundaries of a national economy or even to separate the European economy from its global context (Wallace &Young, 1997, p.3) Globalization and liberalization policies have revolutionized the who world and the business strategies were redefined in order to meet the demands of a global world by many of the organizations. Separate co-operative sectors are working in most of the parts of the world in order to exploit the possibilities opened by globalization. EU is one of such co-operation aimed at the integration of the whole European region for the collective growth. The current focus of the EU institutions is on making the EU one of the most competitive markets in the world by 2010 and ensuring stable economic growth. Efforts to this end include investment in human capital, improvements in physical infrastructure and enhancement of available network in the transportation, telecommunications and energy sectors. To counter sluggish economic conditions compounded by uncertainties due to geopolitical tensions and international terrorism, the European Commission has endorsed economic growth initiatives including European Action for Growth (Country Industry Forecast - European Union Automotive Industry, 2004) EU has implemented lot of strategies in order to encourage the automotive industries in the European region and to make the region, the world's highest automobile manufacturing region. At present the Asia-Pacific region holds this position and the EU has taken every possible measure to capture the first position. Environmental legislation and recycling legislation are some of the strategies adopted by EU in order to raise the standards of automobile manufacturing in this area. "The EU emissions standards are compulsory in all EU Member States. The

Criminological Theory - The Virginia Tech Massacre Essay

Criminological Theory - The Virginia Tech Massacre - Essay Example Popular Medias like television, film, video games and comic books have played a great role in increasing the violence among the young generation. Modern films are filled with scenes of violence; murders, rapes etc. Video games and other entertainment software include various aspects that encourage children and minors to engage in various types of violence. When children see their comic hero killing several people, they feel murder as a simple activity and dare to carry it out in schools and families. They resort to various forms of violence. Youngsters simply shot down their school and college mates for no reason. Violence is a hobby of the modern world. Pressure and stress can take adolescents to violence as they are not mentally strong to deal with the struggles in life. Public schooling is notorious for the pressure it puts on students. Students are forced to wear the ‘right’ clothes, do the ‘particular’ assignment, and are pressured to be interested in v arious things which they are not naturally interested in. Individualism is ignored in this type of environment. Children are pressured to conform to certain rigid standards and rule. This rigidity is strong enough to disturb the psychological stability of children. They are increasingly affected by stress and anxiety that are caused by the pressures and work loads in their schools. This increased stress and anxiety creates undesirable behavior in children that lead to incidents like school shooting. Adolescents are highly vulnerable to anxiety and depression. In today's high-pressure corporate world, anxiety is a common feeling. People naturally become anxious. The emotional price of staying on top is always very high. Anxiety is unavoidable in such circumstances. As the person reaches the highest level of anxiety, a failure or an unexpected event can make him easily depressed. Anxiety disturbs the normal thoughts of an individual. The present world is the world of competitions. Edu cation and career filed have become highly competitive. ‘Survival of the fittest’ is the theme of the modern academic field. Even little kids are out to achieve something in life. This generation is characterized by its excessive, exaggerated and disproportionate anxiety. A silly disappointment would finally push children into violence, depression, suicide and various other actions. Pressure and stress play a major role in incidents like school shooting. Adolescents are involved in majority of the school violence cases. Problems faced by the adolescents makes them resort of violence. They drink most, smoke most and have sex at very early age. They hate schools, neglect their health, and are least satisfied in their life. They don’t have any fellowship with their parents and hate their classmates. They lack good company and guidance. Adolescents are highly vulnerable to drug abuse and various other problems. Almost one third of the juveniles aged 12-to 20 use alco hol in US. According to the estimates nearly 11 million children or juveniles are alcohol consumers. According to the study conducted by the federal Substances Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, nearly children and juveniles consume 20% of the alcoholic drinks in United States. More than 7000 children in United States start drinking alcohol everyday. All these culminate in events

Debate Between Abstract and Realism in Art

Debate Between Abstract and Realism in Art Consider the legacy of the Abstraction Realism debate for artistic practice in the 1950s in either France or Italy. Both culturally and politically post-war France found itself in a period of transition; as Findling, Scott-Haine and Thackeray (2000) state, the euphoria of 1944 soon gave way to agrim realisation of the socio-political consequences of the Vichy Governments collaboration with the Nazis and the challenges of reconstruction. The Fourth Republic, instigated in 1946 and continuing until the late 1950s, attempted to instil anotion of tabula rasa that would be mirrored in its art and culture. The abstraction-realism debate that had begun before the war and had, perhaps, found its ultimate expression in the Modernist oeuvre through such painters as Mondrian, Miro and others was, ironically, questioned at this time, for instance, in essays such as Jean-Michel Atlans Abstraction and Adventure in Contemporary Art (1950, 1997): Contemporary painting, being essential adventure and creation, is threatened by two forms ofconformity which we absolutely oppose: Banal realism, vulgar imitation of reality; Orthodox abstract art, new academicism which tries to substitute for living painting an interplay of solely decorative forms. (Atlan, 1950; published in Harrison and Wood, 1997: 612) Atlan here makes an interesting point and one that has an enormous bearing on the place of the abstraction-realism debate in 1950s France; for the post-war French artist the question became not how one should situation oneself in a polarity but is that  polarity itself outdated and archaic. The tabula rasa of the socio-political sphere could be seen as a reflection of inter-war regression when translated to the aesthetic; the questionable politics of many of the Modernist writers, thinkers and artists making their work unattractive to thesons and daughters of the Fourth Republic. It was this psycho-social zeitgeist that, perhaps, ensured the twinning of art with prevailing theories of existentialism as John Macquarrie describes in his book of the same name(1972). For Macquarrie, post-war art (and particular those movements instigated in France) mirrors existentialism in its desire to negate the failures of pastontological systems and place the artist or philosopher at the centre of are constructive effort; an attempt to find meaning after the horrors of the war without recourse to external teleological notions like truth and beauty. This situation appears, to an extent, in Bretons Prolegomena to a Third Surrealist Manifesto: All present systems can reasonably be considered to be nothing on the carpenters workbench. This carpenter is you. (Breton, 1990: 287) In terms of the debate, then, between abstraction and realism both Atlan and Breton say essentially the same thing that what was needed culturally by post-war France was neither the consolation of realism nor the negation of abstraction but a synthesis of the two; an aesthetic that could both look forward into the future and signal a break with the past. We can see some of this in the work of Yves Klein. Both in terms of his painting and his photography, Klein constantly strove to achieve the kind of Hegelian synthesis we have been hither to looking at. Kleins work in the mid to late 1950s represented two paradoxical elements: on the one hand producing monochrome canvasses of a scintillatingly blue pigment (Monochrome blue sans titre, 1956; Monochromeblue sans titre, 1957) that all but obliterated any sense of the artist as producer of work and, on the other, laying the groundwork for the creation of action pictures whereby nude models would be used as brushes on huge canvasses (Monique, 1960; La Grand Anthropometrie bleue, 1960) that, literally, places the human being at the centre of artistic creation. In Klein we can clearly the manifestation of the legacy of the realism-abstraction debate in the France ofthe 1950s and, as we suggested, it lay in the synthesis of the two a similarnotion to the philosophical ideas of Sartre and Camus who sought an ontologicalmeaning without teleology. In fact it was some of this sense that culminated inthe creation of neo-realism, of which Klein was a leading figure and about whomPierre Restany wrote: We (the neo-realists) are thus bathed in direct expressivity up to our necks, at fortydegrees above the Dada zero, without aggressiveness, without a downrightpolemical intent, without any other justificatory itch than our realism. Andthat works positively. Man, if he shares in reintegrating himself in reality,identifies it with positively. (Restany, 1960, published in Harrison and Wood,1997: 711) What were neo-realists like Klein, Arman, Daniel Sporerri and Jean Tinguely but artists who attempted a fusion,and thereby a transcendence, of the archaic debate that Altman spoke of? We can see how such a view could beseen to lay the foundations for not only the postmodern movement in France that sought to find meaning in a post-Enlightenment world whose meta discourses in the words of Jean Francois Lyotard (2002: xxiii) were beginning to fail, but also the socio-political events of 1968 and the student uprising. Both of these can be seen to arise out of, or at least reflect, the aesthetic and cultural movements of the 1950s that sought to not only destroy the memories of the Vichy Government and the long years of Nazi occupation but also signal a progression away from the nihilism of Dada that left a void in the place of that which it negated. The legacy of the realism-abstraction debate, then, is one of Hegelian synthesis, arising out of the thesis and the antithesis. This situation was, perhaps, felt more strongly in countries suchas France, Italy and Spain where the political situation prompted a desperately needed change in aesthetic and ontological environment and where the need for a humanist consolation was as great as the need for an expression of the madness of the modern age. References Breton, Andre, (1990), Manifestoes of Surrealism, (Michigan: University of Michigan) Causey, Andrew (1998), Oxford History of Art: Sculpture Since 1945, (Oxford: Oxford University Press) Findling, John, Scott Haine, W and Thackeray, Frank (2000), The History of France, (London: Greenwood Press) Harrison, Charles and Wood, Paul(1997), Art in Theory: 1900-1990: An Anthology of Changing Ideas, (London: Blackwell) Kostelanetz, Richard (ed) (1989), Esthetics[sic] Contemporary, (London: Prometheus) Lyotard, Jean Francois (2004), The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, (Manchester: Manchester University) Macquarrie, John (1972), Existentialism, (London: Pelican) Roskill, Mark and Carrier, David(1983), Truth and Falsehood in Visual Images, (Amherst: The University of Massachusetts) http://www.yvesklein.net/